MLK and Thoreau

Martin Luther King, Jr. and Henry David Thoreau were two very different individuals that lived in two very different times, but each one of them contributed to history in substantial ways. In addition to their work in adding to progressive thought, each man left behind a document that expressed revolutionary ideas that should be followed by all people. For King, his literary moment in the sun happened amongst the worst of circumstances. He sat down in the city jail in Birmingham, Alabama to pen a brave work that would become known as Letters from Birmingham Jail. For Thoreau, his piece was known as Civil Disobedience. The two works came about in response to different events, but both represented an idea that can still be studied today. Both writers took a significant, individual view on whether or not it was alright to use one’s conscience to disobey unjust laws. Both men stand by their position that following the law is only the right thing to do if the law is the right thing. In Letters from Birmingham Jail, Martin Luther King, Jr. is writing specifically to the leaders of the city of Birmingham. Those men had locked him up for leading a rally for Civil Rights, but King was not going to be silenced while sitting in jail. In fact, his voice rang loud and clear in his letter. King was not happy with the situation in the Deep South and particularly, in Birmingham. When the leaders of Birmingham heard that King was coming to town, they chastised King and the other â€Å"outsiders† for invading their space. In his letter from the jail, King writes, â€Å"I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all communities and states. I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham† (King 1963). To King, action had to be taken, even if that was illegal action. For him, it was much more important for a man to let his conscience guide his decisions about the law. After all, it was man’s responsibility to decide what law is just and what law is not just. In describing his reasoning for breaking some laws, while obeying other laws, King does not waver. He clearly indicates that a man must let his conscience lead the way when he writes, â€Å"One may well ask, â€Å"How can you advocate breaking some laws and obeying others?† The answer is found in the fact that there are two types of laws: there are just laws, and there are unjust laws. I would agree with St. Augustine that, ‘An unjust law is no law at all’† (King 1963). King’s position on the issue is one that may have been lambasted by the leaders of that time, but it holds up in history’s eyes. To him, laws were only to be followed if they had been written in a way that was right according to man. For Henry David Thoreau, his writing did not come as a result of being locked up, but rather as a commentary on the state of government and man. He wrote Civil Disobedience in 1849, during a time when many governments around the world were changing. For Thoreau, a major problem existed in the way that people went about following laws. He had little patience for folks that blindly listened to what governments had to say without first thinking about those things for themselves. It was his position that this sort of blind acceptance was both irresponsible and downright dangerous for human beings. If they were going to protect themselves against unfair and unjust governments, men had to have a mind of their own. In his work, Thoreau writes, â€Å"Must the citizen ever for a moment, or in the least degree, resign his conscience to the legislator? Why has every man a conscience then? I think that we should be men first, and subjects afterward. It is not desirable to cultivate a respect for the law, so much as for the right† (Thoreau 1849). This single quotation is one that basically sums up what he thought about following unjust laws. He was a thinker by nature, which meant that much of his theory was given with a broad scale approach. Still, it does not take much to understand where Thoreau was coming from. He feels it an absolute waste for man to be given such a good brain and a good conscience and not know how to use it for the better. He feels that it is not only the responsibility of man to protect himself from wrongdoing, but to also protect his government from wrongdoing. If a man does not think for himself about the rightness or wrongness of a law, then he is giving up that right and forfeiting that responsibility. Later in his work, Thoreau goes on to write, â€Å"The only obligation which I have a right to assume is to do at any time what I think right. It is truly enough said that a corporation has no conscience; but a corporation on conscientious men is a corporation with a conscience† (Thoreau, 1849). The viewpoints of these two men are in accordance on this issue. Though they did not have to go through the same trials and tribulations in their respective lives, both Martin Luther King, Jr. and Henry David Thoreau had to face moral questions within themselves. For King, his mission was one that was laid on his heart to both his help his people gain Civil Rights and to protect the nation from falling into a backwards way of thinking. Though Thoreau’s viewpoint is taken at a much broader level, he feels the same way about how a man should think. Just because the legal code that was written by men says that something is illegal does not mean that it is wrong. This is the basic dichotomy that each man presents in his argument. Legality and rightness do not always have to coincide, though they sometimes do. Though it is sometimes difficult for human beings to get around following laws in order to stick strictly to their conscience, this is what both men feel is necessary for the advancement of society. According to the writings of both men, no greatness or progressive movements can ever be accomplished by men that are willing to blindly accept what they know in their soul is the wrong thing to do. It takes bravery and guts to stand up to the law in defense of the conscience, but this is something that both men had to do at one point during their lives. That obligation is reflected in their writings.

Sample Cscp Questions

Module: 1 Question 1 All of the following are key components of the definition of supply chain management, EXCEPT: A. monitoring of supply chain activities with the objective of creating net value B. synchronizing of supply and demand C. building a competitive infrastructure D. selecting suppliers Question 2 Which of the following is a key supply chain process? A. forecast B. source C. benchmark D. analyze Question 3 Supply chains create value by: A. increasing profitability and return to shareholders B. providing multiple variants of products for customers C. making transaction processing more efficientD. developing more accurate forecasts Question 4 Which of the following is not an â€Å"entity† of a supply chain? A. producer B. supplier C. customer D. manager Question 5 Which of the following describes the typical flow of cash in a supply chain? A. customer to producer to supplier B. producer to customer to supplier C. supplier to producer to customer D. customer to supplie r to producer Question 6 Suppliers provide all of the following to a supply chain, EXCEPT: A. materials B. energy C. services D. demand Question 7 All of the following describe a supply chain flow, EXCEPT: A. he flow of physical materials and services from supplier to other entities B. the flow of cash upstream to raw material suppliers C. the flow of information within a supply chain D. the flow of employees from one department to another Question 8 Reverse supply chain is employed for the following reasons, EXCEPT: A. repairs B. disposal C. recycling D. quality control Question 9 Tier 2 suppliers: A. provide materials or services to suppliers of the producer B. provide lower quality raw materials C. serve only as a back-up to Tier 1 suppliers D. supply raw materials to the secondary products of a company Question 10Which of the following best describes the term lateral supply chain? A. processes are no longer performed internally and become dependent on outsourced collaborations B . the supply chain grows incrementally C. a supply chain that is applicable in various industries D. a supply chain that holds significant centralized control of processes Module: 2 Question 1 What condition describes the magnification of demand fluctuations up the supply chain? A. bullwhip effect B. demand variability C. exponential smoothing D. square root rule Question 2 Each of the terms below are sources of demand variability, EXCEPT: A. ompetition B. seasonality C. life cycle trends D. manufacturing delays Question 3 What is one cause of the bullwhip effect? A. lead times B. seasonality C. weather D. quality control Question 4 Each of the following is an approach to avoiding multiple forecasts, EXCEPT: A. information sharing B. system integration C. vendor-managed inventory (VMI) D. transactional processing Question 5 What is one way to reduce the contribution of lead time to the bullwhip effect? A. reducing order batch size B. time management C. prioritization D. cost reducti on Question 6 Which of the following is true about forecasting?A. It should be done once a year B. It should be conducted by the supply chain leadership C. It is more accurate for groups than for individual items D. It is better to under-forecast rather than over-forecast Question 7 Independent demand is best defined by: A. demand for the finished product B. demand forecast of an unbiased third party provider C. demand that is based on actual orders D. demand for manufacturing raw materials Question 8 When do corporations employ qualitative forecasting? A. When products are low value B. When products are at the end of life stage C. For new product introductions D.When reliable historical sales data is available Question 9 Intrinsic forecasting focuses on: A. data about demand for the product itself B. variables that affect the demand of the product C. leveraging the collective experience possessed by employees D. the inherent value of the product to the customer Question 10 Which of the following is true about naive forecasting? A. assumes the demand will be consistent from one period to the next B. makes educational guesses on demand for a new product C. request input from employees outside of the supply chain D. it is an error prone forecast Module: 3 Question 1Customer relationship management (CRM) is best described as: A. a focus on managing long term supplier relationships B. a marketing philosophy based on putting the customer first C. managing customers to promote your products D. transactional guidelines when dealing with customers Question 2 One general goal of supplier relationship management (SRM) is: A. ensure mutual profitability while meeting customer needs B. manage supplier costs C. build relationships with as many suppliers as possible D. improve negotiation process Question 3 What impact has the focus on CRM and SRM had on business mindset? A. lower costs B. reater integration C. shorter cycle times D. focus on bottom-line results Question 4 What is a key reason for the move to greater integration with suppliers? A. consolidation of the industry B. technology transfer C. improved relationships D. reduce complexity Question 5 All of the following are typical requirements when implementing CRM and SRM EXCEPT: A. new job definitions B. new organization structure C. new corporate vision D. new technology platform Question 6 Independent organizations that cooperate based on mutual values and act as a single entity is called a: A. lateral organization B. integrated supply chain C. ean supply chain D. virtual organization Question 7 What role has technology played in CRM? A. It has made it easier for business to gather information on customer buying habits B. It has spawned new software companies C. It has changed the roles of participants D. It has reduced the complexity of the supply chain Question 8 Technology has played all of the following roles in SRM, EXCEPT: A. Systems can show current status of operations B. Suppliers can communicate with customers in real time C. Transactional processes can be automated D. Security enhancements now effectively segregate enterprise business processes Question 9Based on the APICS definition of SRM, a firm will implement this philosophy with: A. all tier 1 type suppliers B. a selected group of suppliers C. all suppliers D. a few suppliers who are deemed indispensable Question 10 A firm that has a customer first marketing philosophy practices: A. CRM B. TPM C. SRM D. CTM Module: 4 Question 1 Which one is NOT among the three largest companies presently providing ERP software: A. SAP B. Oracle C. Microsoft D. Sybase Question 2 All of the following are key characteristics of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems EXCEPT: A. odularized business applications B. common data source C. seamless integration enabling the flow of information throughout the firm D. normalized application structure Question 3 All of the following are key to maximizing the ROI of an ERP syst em EXCEPT: A. hiring skilled employees and providing adequate training B. system monitoring and constraint improvement C. early global launch D. business process mapping Question 4 The MOST significant characteristic of leadership in determining the value realized by an ERP system is: A. competence B. vision C. intelligence D. analytical strength Question 5A successful deployment of a fully integrated ERP system is a characteristic of a: A. Stage 1, functional focused supply chain B. Stage 2, internally integrated supply chain C. Stage 3, externally integrated supply chain D. Stage 4, cross-enterprise collaboration and optimized supply chain Question 6 What provides the foundation for a supply chain to move to Stage 3 and ultimately Stage 4 of supply chain development? A. MPS B. ERP C. DRP D. MRP Question 7 The ERP software design shift from proprietary, closed applications to web-based modules: A. increased user training requirements B. increased costs C. eased system implementatio nD. eased system integration with legacy and 3rd party systems Question 8 When selecting an ERP system, it is important to ensure the business model implicit in the system is: A. based on the industry standard B. robust C. aligned with your business model D. scalable Question 9 What percentage of your required functionality should you expect in an industry leading ERP system off-the-shelf product: A. 50% B. 70% C. 80% D. 90% Question 10 What is MOST likely to increase if an off-the-shelf ERP system lacks at least 80% of your required functionality? A. training costs B. consulting costs C. license costs D. hardware costs

Advertising Strategy Used by Old Navy to Target Young Male Customers Essay

Advertising Strategy Used by Old Navy to Target Young Male Customers - Essay Example With the suggested demographics, psychographics and lifestyle elements already selected for this targeted consumer, it appears that you have decided that he is young and virile, has changing tastes and is very much into fashion trends, is a typical metro-sexual living a college life on campus or off it. As members of this young community, the minds of people like Mike are always changing as they are swayed by the latest trends on the move, with the I-Phone, the Internet and the I-Pad very much a part of their lives. With opinions on social media dominating their tastes and choices, it is a wise move to have targeted the bulk of your advertising budget towards the Internet and social media network advertising. Opening pages on Facebook and Twitter has become a necessity now rather than an exception. With millions of users not only in the USA but right across the world, social media pages, opinions and advertising is the way to go nowadays and I commend the new advertising agency for r ecognizing and helping you capitalize on this trend. I noticed that the new advertising campaign makes use of online video instead of television. This would be in line with the viewing habits of the young teenagers and adolescent group that the company wants to target for increased business. I might add that this is a very good strategy and is well timed too, as industry analysts have noted that the market for men’s apparel was up 3.3 percent last year, compared to the average rise of 1.9 percent in shopping for clothes for both sexes. It was also seen that in the three months of the year ending February 2011, the sales in men’s apparel was 12 percent higher than last year. Consumer analysts have also noticed that as men are taking more and more interest in their wardrobes, they tend to order similar pieces in a variety of colors if a style and a cut suits them. This is what is likely to boost men’s clothing sales even in a recession. The only thing that I do no t like about the present advertising strategy for men’s clothing is that the ads have not been tastefully made. Of course I understand that they are meant to be humorous, but as any sane person and especially a stand-up comedian can tell you, it is really hard to make people laugh. In fact it is an art form that the likes of Eddie Murphy, Danny Kaye, Buster Keaton, Robin Williams and even Charles Chaplin took years to perfect. No one finds the same things funny, and most of us laugh at different things at different times. When you make an ad for young men’s clothing and want to connect it to humor, there is a danger that your product too will not be taken seriously at all. The ad for Super Tool is really pathetic and needs to be taken off the air immediately. Frankly I fail to see the humor in it at all! Some scenes are images have decidedly religious inferences-like the man with the sheep that reminded me that Christ was the Paschal Lamb of God or the papal style head gear that is worn by the model in the beginning of the advertisement. The entire ad consists of disjointed scenes and elements that are intriguing but have no connection and no purpose. A very disappointing ad if I may say so, in fact disgusting and easily forgettable (Advertising Age, 2011). I would suggest a complete remake from scratch and more cleverly made.

Culture and public policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Culture and public policy - Essay Example rld, Russia and western powers, India and China have strengthen the claim of Samuel Huntington about a clash of civilizations in today’s world (Neumayer & Plà ¼mper 2009, p. 712). On the basis of scholarly research and available data, the paper will prove the existence of clash of civilizations in today’s world. In order to prove the thesis, the paper will analyze the Huntington’s theory of clash of civilizations. Also, by analyzing the religious and political aspects, paper will show that the catastrophe of civilization conflicts is mainly based on the political factors like, the US’ excessive dominance, emerging multipolar power system and religious factors like, Islamic radicalism, Islamophobia etc. Samuel Huntington’s book, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, triggered widespread debate in the field of political and public affairs. Also, the Huntington’s article about the clash of civilizations, which was written in 1993 in Foreign Affairs, raised massive controversy than any other article that was published in Foreign Affairs since the 1950s (Chiozza 2002, p. 711). Consequently, Samuel Huntington is considered as the most critical and thought-provoking author in the field of global affairs in last few decades (Chiozza 2002, p. 712). According to the Huntington’s point of view, interstate relationships in the post-Cold War era will be mainly influenced by the factors of civilizations. As the nation remains the main actor on a global level, its interests, behaviour, and integrity will be based on its civilizational background (Huntington 1993). In other words, potential corporations and conflicts will exist within civilizations is th e major speculation of Huntington about the future of global politics. Huntington claimed that in the new world, the most lethal, dangerous, and extensive conflicts won’t be between economic or social classes, but between people from different cultural backgrounds. According to the

The definition of Intellectual Property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

The definition of Intellectual Property - Essay Example Examples include licensing arrangements under which the licensee pays the licensor to exploit the right; the imposition of contractual obligations not to use or disclose information; or restrictive covenants which prohibit employees from establishing rival businesses within a specified period or geographical area. A more laconic definition of intellectual property suggests that 'it comprises all those things which emanate from the exercise of the human brain, such as ideas, inventions, poems, designs, micro computers and Mickey Mouse' (Phillips 2001, p.3). Intellectual property rights refer to the ability to own and protect the products of human intellect. These rights may have to be applied for and granted, or in some cases, such as with copyright, this arises automatically. Formally, there are four main types of intellectual property protection and these will be explained briefly below. Patents cover inventions of both new and improved products and processes. They are probably the most publicised and conventional form of protection. Patents are granted to cover new products and processes and in the United Kingdom last for up to 20 years. ... Patenting systems vary throughout the world and their jurisdiction is territorial. In the United Kingdom the patent is granted to the first applicant to file rather than to invent. The Intellectual Property Scenario in Europe The European Patent Organisation and the European Commission have been concerned that the above statistics imply that the innovative potential within Europe is not being adequately tapped. Patent offices across Europe frequently argue that the patent system is not being adequately used, leaving considerable numbers of potential innovations unprotected (Hofinger 1996, p.91-98). There is a different culture concerning patenting in Japan, where it is common to file a number of applications for a single invention. It may be argued that the difference in approaches to the use of the formal intellectual property systems, identified between nation states, is also one of the distinguishing features between small and large firms. Similarly, the relatively low use of the formal systems by small firms may also mean that a reliance on patent counts, etc. is an inaccurate measurement of innovation or research activity. Hence, there is a need to 'unpack' the approaches to innovation and intellectual property management by owner-managers. However, the perceived positive link between formal intellectual property protection and innovation is not without controversy. (Granstrand 1999, p. 13-16) Empirical and theoretical research has offered several arguments in favour of weaker intellectual property protection. One argument hinges on the negative effects of monopolistic behaviour that strong protection permits. Gilbert and Newbery (1982,

What Can Computing Do 'Beyond the Office' Essay

What Can Computing Do 'Beyond the Office' - Essay Example In other words, a significant goal of this paradigm is to develop human like intelligence in machine to reinstate and help out humans in daily tasks. Hence, AI is considered as an important field of science that is concerned with making machines that find out solutions to complex issues and problems in a human-like fashion. This usually involves making use of the characteristics of human intelligence, and putting into practice them like algorithms within a computer friendly approach. In this scenario, a wide variety of competent tactics can be used depending on the requirements identified; that expertly be in command of how artificial the intellectual actions became visible. Though, AI is normally considered as a very important field of computer science but it has a number of important and helpful applications in many other areas of study such as Cognition, Mathematics, Psychology, Biology, Philosophy, and many other fields and areas. Thus, our capability to join together data and kn owledge from all these fields of study will ultimately encourage our development in the chase of creating an AI creature (Champandard, 2002; Russell & Norvig, 1995). Artificial intelligence is the most advanced and sophisticated type of technology that helps human develop better and useful machines which can carry out human tasks more efficiently without tiring and stopping. We can implement artificial intelligence in many existing fields. This paper has different sections to demonstrate the application, working and improvements of the Artificial Intelligence model of knowledge. This paper will also discuss various concepts that are associated with artificial intelligence. An Overview of AI (Copeland, 2000) believe that artificial intelligence is a science of creating computers and machines which have the capability to carry out tasks that require some intelligence when carried out by humans. In fact, the artificial intelligence has had more than a few successes in limited, or in ba sic areas. However, the earlier five decades from the emergence of AI have a great deal carried slow development; in addition to untimely anticipation about the achievement of human-level intelligence has offered a way to an optimistic response of the intense complexity of the problem (Copeland, 2000). According to (ThinkQuest, 1997; ThinkQuest2, 1997) artificial intelligence can be defined as a model of computer science which is aimed at building computers and machines which have the capability to carry out the actions and demonstrate behaviors that humans think are intelligent. In addition, the ability to create intelligent machines has normally deception to humans since early times, and at the present time with the developments and advancements in computer knowledge and fifty years of research into artificial intelligence programming methods, the dream of building intellectual machines is turning out to be a reality. In fact, at the present, scientists are building intelligent ma chines which are equipped to copy human thinking, recognize speech, beat the top chess-player among human, and many other actions which had never ever been possible (ThinkQuest, 1997; ThinkQuest2, 1997). History of AI In this section I will discuss the history of artificial intelligence. Basically, the history or roots of AI myths can be traced back to the earliest Egypt; however with the invention of electronic computer in 1941, the AI technology eventually became visible to produce machine intelligence. However,

Misconceptions about Other Peoples Religions Research Paper

Misconceptions about Other Peoples Religions - Research Paper Example To me, Holi was merely a spring festival that was celebrated in fun and colorful way. Until then, I did not know that this religious festival had some kind of history, and it celebrated the battle between the good and the bad. I was informed by my host that we shall have to come for two days: firstly for the religious service, and secondly for the festivities. The religious service was performed a day prior to Holi and it is called ‘Holi pooja’. It is performed on the day before Holi, called ‘Holika Dahan’. â€Å"People light bonfires on the eve of Holi festival to celebrate the victory of good over bad which is called Holika Dahan.† (SCFI) The religious devotion of the people in that ceremony really inspired me and I could not help relating the phenomenon of victory of good over bad with my own religious faith. I was surprised to feel that the sense of unfamiliarity started to fade away as the service proceeded and I began to understand what the history of Holi was all about. The name Holi comes from a princess named Holika. A story relates that many years ago Holika tried to kill her brother Prahlad. She did so at the instance of her father [who] wanted to be worshipped as a god, but one person stood in his way. That person was his son, Prahlad... [the King] ordered Holika to sit inside a bonfire and hold Prahlad on her lap... Instead of Prahlad being burned to death, it was Holika who perished. (Haze, pp. 20-21) I had not the slightest idea that the history of this religious festival dated back to ancient times and how important the victory of good over bad was important to them. Thus, the bonfires that are lit on the eve of Holika Dahan are a re-enactment of the trial of the good and the bad. Hindus put the effigies of Holika (that symbolizes the bad) and Prahlad (that symbolizes the good).  

Research on the two careers Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

On the two careers - Research Proposal Example The areas of study included what the client could expect in terms of educational demands, salary expectations, working conditions, skills development and the level of contact with external forces within each career field. An interview was conducted with the client to uncover their demands in each of these five areas for each career choice. Human Resources Management The client indicated that a competitive salary with only four-year college education were the largest demands for a career in management in either human resources or hospitality management. Unwilling to seek a Master’s degree due to cost and personal obligations, it was necessary for Open Options to satisfy these demands for careers only requiring a four-year Bachelor’s level degree. The role of human resources manager, in most industries, requires only a Bachelor’s in Human Resources in order to receive the average salary of $59,310 (payscale.com, 2011). This was the salary for Lowe’s Home Imp rovement and was competitive with most other industries both retail and non-retail. Educational demands in the role of human resources manager are related to basic business courses, knowledge of applicable labor laws, marketing, and organizational communication. These are typical four-year degree courses that build a rounded applicant profile for the role of HR management. The client indicated that there was a need for a working environment that required little in terms of physical labor and also one where there was a high reliance on technology in daily role obligations. This is why Open Options determined that the career of HR manager would be best-suited to the client needs. For example, the HR manager often utilizes the human resource information system (HRIS) with is â€Å"a composite of databases, computer applications, and hardware/software necessary to store, manage, deliver present and manipulate data† (Ngai & Wat, 2006, p.299). The working condition for an HR manage r is one where technology is integral to serving low-level business populations and also large-scale corporate or multinational business environments. It is thus suited specifically to accommodate needs as identified through the interview. Skills required for the role of HR manager, it was identified through research, include knowledge of human psychology above and beyond the educational degree. â€Å"Human beings are sensitive and reflect on what they experience, responding to inner feelings and interpretations† (Sandoff, 2005, p.530). In order to be an effective HR manager, it is necessary to understand what motivates individuals at the sociological and psychological level in order to gain their commitment and avoid resistance to corporate change practices. Because the client indicated that they were people-focused and enjoyed diverse working environments, it was determined again that the role of HR manager was absolutely suited to fit these needs. When inquired as to wheth er the interviewee would rather work independently or with outside forces in daily job role, a strong inclination was discovered for external consulting based on the high level of people-friendly personality traits. The role of HR manager requires the individual to work with diverse individuals from multiple business sources, including regulatory forces that monitor labor conditions,

Rappaccinis Daughter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Rappaccinis Daughter - Essay Example Furthermore it is observed that generally women are physically weaker than men that has led to an imbalance in power throughout the history of mankind, this can also be seen in â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter† and the control of her father over her. As Homas and Zaitzow also state that, â€Å"men and women are socialized from birth into gender-specific roles based on social definitions of masculinity and femininity†¦women are expected to be weak, dependent, passive, emotional, noncompetitive and subservient† (184). A similar behavior is also observed towards Beatrice as well throughout the course of the story may it be in Beatrice’s relationship with her Giovanni or her father or her suffering because of Baglioni’s poison. Throughout the story Rappaccini treats her daughter as his property or better yet as a specimen for his experiments. Moreover according to Baglioni Rappaccini, Cares infinitely more for science than for mankind. His patients are interesting to him only as subjects for some new experiment. He would sacrifice human life, his own among the rest, or whatever else was dearest to him, for the sake of adding so much as a grain of mustard seed to the great heap of his accumulated knowledge (). These lines aptly illustrates Rappaccini’s obsession with his experiments and hints on the fact that her daughter might be a part of his experiments which is later confirmed in the story. If the reasons for such manipulation are delved deeper, then the readers infer that since no one could question him for his actions in those times because daughters were considered as the responsibility of their fathers hence that gave him the right to decide her fate and he got away with his machinations. This also explains Rappaccini’s actions of choosing Giovanni as his future son-in-law as well as a new experiment because he thought he was making the best decision for his daughter. As the girl states, â€Å"But my father,- -he has united us in this fearful sympathy† (). Then again it is also interesting to note the manner in which the women of those times were brought up i.e. they were taught to be docile and made the sacrificing souls for all times. As it is also apparent from the lines when she says, â€Å"Yes; spurn me, tread upon me, kill me! Oh, what is death after such words as thine† (). Although she realizes it was her father’s Machiavellian plotting that has poisoned Giovanni for life yet she asks for death rather than either confronting her father or letting Giovanni confront him. Moreover the title of the story also suggests the nameless existence of the daughter who is known as Rappaccini’s daughter rather than being given a name. This anonymity in the title also symbolizes the mind set of that society where women were properties who were owned rather than individuals. Moreover it is interesting to note that there is a constant power struggle going on between Rap paccini and Baglioni as well as Rappaccini and Giovanni while their pawn in this game of power struggle is Beatrice. As it is observed that in the former’s case Baglioni suggests to use the antidote to save Beatrice without her consent and although it is not actually stated in the story yet the readers can infer that one of the reasons that Baglioni interferes is that he wants to unveil Rappaccini’s practice and assure that his position as a professor is secure. As it is mentioned in the text that he says, â€Å"Rappaccini is said to have instructed her deeply in his science, and that, young and beautiful as fame reports her, she is already qualified to fill a professor's chair. Perchance her father destines her for mine!†

Models of Organized Crime Executive Summary Essay Example for Free

Models of Organized Crime Executive Summary Essay The difference between the patron-client and bureaucratic model is based on who is appointed the leader. The organization is based on trust and loyalty similar to the family. The main role as a patron-client is to show leadership by providing financial assistance and safety for the client. The client returns the favor by acting out different duties coming from the patron. The patron-client has the advantage because they are the sole providers for all communication for the client. Income is providing from executing from murders, thefts, frauds and drug trafficking. The patron client dominates a particular location for his organization. The group is also connected with police officers who are specialized in criminal operatives. The bureaucratic model is more focus on setting goals. Bureaucratic have a higher clientele but are selective with who is inducted into their group. All orders come from the boss in order to execute the next chain of events. The most important operation in the business is hierarchy. In order for the plan to be successful, all members must fully understand their role. This process is crucial for the structure to the organization and the members. The members must be able to carry out the task. If a step was missed by a member, they will eliminate from the project. The organization cannot afford for their hard work to be flush down the drain because an associate could not be trusted. Weber’s and Taylor’s models of the bureaucratic theory are most effective when used for larger events. Once a plan is started the bureaucratic should be introduced in order to control all lines of communication and any rules that were initially set. The patron-client is more decentralized and does not require control over unit members. Parton-clients are more favorable in social networks because there not fully involved with the plan. Bureaucratic model are vulnerable to cops  because upper management is stricter. The patron-client provides information for the job. For instance, the investigator will provide the client information so the whereabouts will not be an issue making the job easier to perform. In conclusion, each model has its expression of criminal cooperation with different socioeconomic conditions and law enforcement strategies to avoid media attention. Crime groups are broken down into different characteristics. Members of organized crime groups normally attack public officials and law enforcement agents. . Understanding organized crime is important because it gives the government the ability to know how they work so can be bought to a stop. References Connor, O. (2012). Organized Crime Investigation. Retrieved from http:// http://www.drtomoconnor.com/3220lect07a.htm/ Mallory, S. (2007). Understanding Organized Crime. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers

Rosai-Dorfman Disease with Cervical Lymphadenopathy

Rosai-Dorfman Disease with Cervical Lymphadenopathy Rosai-Dorfman Disease with Cervical Lymphadenopathy and Orbital Involvement: A Case Report *Sameer Saleem 1, Sundas Younas 2, Kamran Qayyum 3 1 MBBS (2013), Khyber Medical College Peshawar, Pakistan 2 MBBS (2013), Khyber Medical College Peshawar, Pakistan 3 MBBS (2014), Khyber Medical College Peshawar, Pakistan ABSTRACT Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD), also known as sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML), is a rare histiocytic disorder which occurs due to the over-production of non Langerhans sinus histiocytes. It is a nonmalignant disorder that most frequently affects children and young adults and typically presents with fever, night sweats, nonpainful cervical lymphadenopathy, leukocytosis and an elevated ESR. Extranodal involvement may also occur which includes skin and soft tissues, nasal cavity, orbit, bones, central nervous system, salivary glands, kidneys, respiratory tract and liver. The digestive tract, heart and breast can also be affected but very rarely. The disease has an unknown etiology, although some viruses like Human Herpes virus 6 and Epstein Barr virus have been implicated as causative agents. RDD can often be misdiagnosed as lymphoma, leukemia or tuberculosis, so it is imperative to distinguish it from these conditions as well as other causes of histiocytosis becaus e of the different treatment modalities. Diagnosis of Rosai-Dorfman disease is based on biopsy of affected tissue. Biopsy showing the presence of emperipolesis, or the engulfment of lymphocytes and other immune cells by histiocytes that express S-100 antigen is diagnostic of Rosai-Dorfman disease. Once diagnosed, further workup including imaging studies are undertaken in order to determine the extent of the disease. In majority of cases, the disease resolves on its own however, treatments including corticosteroids, chemotherapy, surgical treatment or radiotherapy are carried out in severe or persistent disease or when organ function is at stake (e.g. breathing obstruction, kidney failure, visual problems). The case we report is that of a 16 year old girl who presented with a 6 month history of gradual onset drooping of left upper eyelid with mild proptosis of the left eye alongwith mild drooping of right upper eyelid, low grade fever, night sweats and cervical lymphadenopathy. Blood workup showed increased ESR, CT scan of orbits showed superior orbital masses and diagnostic biopsy revealed Rosai-Dorfman disease. Keywords: Rosai Dorfman disease, cervical lymphadenopathy, emperipolesis, histiocytes, proptosis CASE REPORT A 16 year old girl presented to the outpatient department of Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan in February 2015 with a six month history of gradual onset, painless left upper eyelid drooping alongwith low-grade fever and night sweats plus a 20 day history of gradual onset right upper eyelid drooping. She also noticed a few lumps in her cervical region. She had no significant past medical history of any major illness and no family history of tuberculosis or blood disorders was found. Her vitals were as follows, BP 120/80 mm Hg, pulse 90/min, respiratory rate 15/min and temperature 100.2 ÃÅ'Ã…   F. On examination she had bilateral painless cervical lymphadenopathy and bilateral superior orbital masses on palpation. Her vision was 6/6 in both eyes. Ptosis was seen in both right (3mm) and left (5mm) eyes. Mild left eye proptosis was also seen. Extraocular movements were restricted in upper gaze of both eyes, more so of the left eye. There was no evidence of any visceromegaly and the rest of the general physical and systemic examinations were unremarkable. Lab investigations: Hb 11.1 g/dl, RBC 4.27 million/cmm, Hct 32.4 %, MCV 76 fl, MCH 25.9 pg, MCHC 34.2 g/dl, Platelet count 328000/cmm, TLC 11000/cmm, normocytic normochromic picture with DLC showing 80% neutrophils, 15% lymphocytes and 5% monocytes on peripheral smear, ESR 70 mm/1st hour, negative HbS and HCV screening, negative PPD and sputum AFB, normal Liver function tests and normal Renal function tests. Chest X-ray was normal, U/S and CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis were normal. CT scans of the orbits showed bilateral superior orbital masses and mild proptosis of the left eye. Incisional biopsy of the left Superior orbital mass was performed that revealed the diagnosis of Rosai-Dorfman disease. CT scan orbit (Coronal View): Bilateral Superior Orbital Masses CT scan Orbit (Axial View): Mild Proptosis of the Left Eye Treatment: The patient was counseled about the nature of the disease and administered Inj. Methylprednisolone 1gm x OD for 3 days followed by Tab Prednisolone 1mg/Kg body weight x OD and advised followup after 4 weeks. On followup visit, examination showed that her ptosis and cervical lymphadenopathy had improved. She was also assessed for side effects of steroid therapy. No side effects were noted. She was advised followup after 8 weeks. DISCUSSION Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD), also known as sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML), is a rare histiocytic disorder which occurs due to the over-production of non Langerhans sinus histiocytes. [1, 2] It was first described as a unique clinicopathologic entity by Rosai and Dorfman in 1969. [3] Although lymph nodes are more commonly involved, any organ may be affected. [1] Cardinal features include painless cervical lympahadenopathy, fever and elevated ESR. [4]Extranodal involvement has been reported in diverse anatomic sites, particularly the skin, orbit, and upper respiratory tract. [5, 6] Central nervous system involvement without nodal disease has also been reported. [7] Rosai-Dorfman disease though quite rare, is distributed worldwide with 80% cases occurring in children and young adults with a slight male predominance (58%) and has a general predilection for individuals with African descent. [8] The etiology of RDD is unknown, however certain viruses like Human Her pes virus 6 and Epstein-Bar virus via causing immune dysregulation have been implicated in the pathogenesis of this disease. [9, 10, 11] The diagnosis of Rosai-Dorfman disease is not easy since its presentation can mimic a number of other non-malignant as well as malignant conditions ranging from bacterial or viral infections to malignancies including leukemia and lymphoma. Biopsy of the lymph node or affected tissue is required for the diagnosis of this disease. Proliferating S100 and CD68 antigens positive histiocytes exhibiting emperipolesis i.e. phagocytosis of intact lymphocytes and other immune cells, is the classical histologic finding on biopsy in Rosai Dorfman disease. No specific treatment protocol is established for Rosai Dorfman disease because the disease is rare and its course is mostly self limiting. [14] However, patients with severe, persistent disease or in cases where organ function is compromised steroid therapy, chemotherapy, surgical resection or radiotherapy can be instituted with varying success rates. [12, 14, 15] CONCLUSION Rosai-Dorfman disease shares many of its presenting features with leukemia, lymphoma, tuberculous lymphadenitis and other causes of histiocytosis, so it should be considered in the differentials of patients, especially children and young adults who present with painless cervical lymphadenopathy. It is also important for physicians to recognize that the disease can have a myriad of clinical manifestations depending upon the tissue involved, as was the case in our patient we presented in this case report having cervical lymphadenopathy with orbital involvment in whom lymphoma, leukemic deposits, orbital pseudotumor, Langerhan’s cell histiocytosis and hemangioma were also amongst the list of differentials until biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of RDD. It is essential for pathologists as well to look for the histopathologic features of this disease in biopsy specimens, since if promptly diagnosed and managed, can reduce unnecessary diagnostic workups and mismanagement due to misdiag nosis of this disease. CONSENT Written informed consent was taken from the patient and her parents for the publication of this case report and any accompanying images. ABBREVIATIONS AFB Acid Fast Bacilli BP Blood Pressure CT Computed Tomography DLC Differential Leukocyte Count ESR Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Hb Hemoglobin HbS Hepatitis B surface antigen HCV Hepatitis C virus Hct Hematocrit MCH Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin MCH CMean Corpuscular Hemoglobin concentration MCV Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin PPD Purified Protein Derivative RBC Red Blood cells RDD Rosai-Dorfman Disease SHML Sinus Histiocytosis with Massive Lymhpadenopathy TLC Total Leukocyte Count References Riyaz N, Khader A, Sarita S. Rosai-Dorfman syndrome.Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol.2005;71:342–4. James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006).Andrews Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier.ISBN0-7216-2921-0 Kong Y, Kong J, Shi D, Lu H, Zhu X, Wang J, Chen Z:Cutaneous Rosai–Dorfman Disease: a clinical and histopathologic study of 25 cases in China. Am J Surg Pathol2007,21:341-350. Foucar E, Rosai J, Dorfman R: Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai-Dorfman disease): a review of the entity. Semin Diagn Pathol 1990; 7:19-73 Puppin D Jr, Chavaz P, Harms M: Histiocytic lymphophagocytic panniculitis (Rosai-Dorfman disease): a case report. Dermatology 1992; 184:317-320 Andriko JW, Morrison A, Colegial CH, et al: Rosai-Dorfman disease isolated to the central nervous system. A report of 11 cases. Mod Pathol 2001; 14:172-178 Woodcock RJ, Mandell JW, Lipper MH: Sinus histiocytosis (Rosai-Dorfman disease) of the suprasellar region: MR imaging findings a case report. Radiology 1999; 213:808-810 Sodhi KS, Suri S, Nijhawan R, Kang M, Gautam V:Rosai–Dorfman disease: unusual cause of diffuse and massive retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy. Br J Radiol2005,25:845-847. Ensari S, Selcuk A, Dere H, Perez N, Dizbay Sak S:Rosai–Dorfman disease presenting as laryngeal masses. Kulak Burun Bogaz Ihtis Derg2008,18:110-114. Pinto DCG, Vidigal TA, Castro B, Santos BH, DeSousa NJA:Rosai–Dorfman disease in the differential diagnosis of cervical lymphadenopathy. Bras J Otorrinolaringol2008,74:632-635. Levine PH, Jahan N, Murari P, Manak M, Jaffe ES:Detection of human herpesvirus 6 in tissues involved by sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai–Dorfman disease). J Infect Dis1992,166:291-295. Yoon A, Parisien M, Feldman F, Young-In Lee F:Extranodal Rosai–Dorfman disease of bone, subcutaneous tissue and paranasal sinus mucosa with a review of its pathogenesis. Skeletal Radiol2005,34:653-657. Montgomery EA, Meis JM:Rosai–Dorfman disease of soft tissue. Am J Surg Pathol1992,16:122-129. Pinto DCG, Vidigal TA, Castro B, Santos BH, DeSousa NJA:Rosai–Dorfman disease in the differential diagnosis of cervical lymphadenopathy. Bras J Otorrinolaringol2008,74:632-635. Moore J, Zhao X, Nelson E:Concomitant sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai–Dorfman disease) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a case report. J Med Case Reports2008,2:70.

Essay example --

The impact of non-native species and invasive threats are one of the most serious threats that native amphibians are facing today. Many invasive species are able to adapt to their new environments quickly. They can often out-compete natives for food resources or they simply prey on the native species. Amphibian declines have become an increasing issue. While amphibian diversity is severely threatened by habitat destruction, the threat from non-native predation and competition is rapidly contributing to amphibian population declines (Ficetola et. al, 2007; Young et. al, 2001). Amphibians are threatening amphibians, and the threat from invasive species is a global issue. In Mexico and Central America this threat is just as real if not more so due to the tropical rich biodiversity. Many of the southern Central American countries boast some of the richest ecosystems in biodiversity in the world (Reid, 1993; Young et. al, 2001). American bullfrog (Rana catesbeinana) The American bullfrog (Rana catesbeinana), a member of the family Ranidae, or â€Å"true frogs† is threatening several habitats and native species in Central America. Native to North America, the American bullfrogs are found in freshwater habitats from Nova Scotia, Canada, throughout the eastern United States into Northern east Mexico. (see figure 1-1) Among the largest frogs in North America, they are easily distinguishable by their size. The bullfrog is a large amphibian that challenges native amphibians for food and habitat resources, but the bullfrog has a voracious appetite and will consume any prey that it fit into their mouths. They can grow to a length of eight inches and weight up to two pounds in their native habitats. In artificial market nurseries they... ...at attracts a collector. Unfortunately like many exotic pets, the owners soon lose interest and instead of doing the responsible things, by finding a suitable owner, they release them thinking that it’s an acceptable practice. Management and inspection of the plant nurseries and the pet trade is still poorly governed. While some countries are implementing policies and regulations on inspections and trades it is will continue to be a problem. Solutions must come from the international community. It must also include educating traders, collectors, inspectors as well as other stakeholders and the public. The small size of theses frogs coupled with the high procreation rate has made control of established colonies difficult to manage. Several countries that have been infested by this tree frog are doing live captures and then humanely euthanatizing individuals.

Blood Diamonds: The Conflict in Sierra Leone Essay -- A Level Essays

Blood Diamonds: The Conflict in Sierra Leone History of Diamonds: The name "diamond" comes from the Greek word, "adamas" meaning unconquerable. Fittingly diamonds are made of pure carbon, and diamonds are the hardest natural substance known to man.[1] Diamonds have long been a sign of wealth and fortune. Kings and queens have worn these forms of concentrated carbon and even more countless millions people over time have lusted after them. These gems can be transparent, truculent white, yellow, green, blue, or brown. To understand the value of these stones, and ultimately their role in war, it helps to first understand their origins and where they come form. Diamonds are the most frequently used form capital by the rebels in Angola, Sierra Leone, and the Democratic Republic of Congo use to purchase weapons. The earliest gem diamonds were found in India and Borneo, were they were found in riverbeds. In the early eighteenth century, deposits similar to those in India were found in Brazil. The story of diamonds in Africa began between December 1866 and February 1867, when a 15-year-old found a transparent stone on his father's farm, on the south bank of the Orange River. Within the next fifteen years, African diamond mines produced more diamonds than the India, the previous leading producer, had in the last 2,000 years. This increase in production occurred at the same time as the diamond mines in Brazil experiences a sharp decline in their production. The depletion of mines in Brazil assured that supply would remain stable and diamond prices would not fall as they previously had when Brazil over produced in the 1730s.[2] Diamonds are the pure form of carbon in a transparent state, that ... ...fer, Stefan. The Last Empire: De Beers, Diamonds, and the World. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1993. Tamm, Ingrid J. Diamonds in Peace and War: Severing the Conflict-Diamond Connection. Cambridge: World Peace Foundation, 2002. Web Sources: Allafrica.com: www.allafrica.com Amnesty International: www.amnesty.org CNN: www.cnn.com De Beers: www.debeers.com -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] www.debeers.com [2] Kanfer, Stefan. The Last Empire: De Beers, Diamonds, and the World. [3] Hirsch, John L. Sierra Leone: Diamonds and the Struggle for Democracy [4] Hirsch, John L. Sierra Leone: Diamonds and the Struggle for Democracy [5] Hirsch, John L. Sierra Leone: Diamonds and the Struggle for Democracy [6] Tamm, Ingrid J. Diamonds in Peace and War: Severing the Conflict-Diamond Connection

Professional, mental, moral and aesthetic development Essay

There has been increased demand for education from different kinds of people in the world, due to the introduction of information technology in their countries. Therefore people have increasingly sought for ways and means to acquire knowledge to enable understand the realities of life as they occur. Education is the process through which teaching and learning of knowledge, enables an individual to develop reasoning, judgment and skills required in adult life and professional occupations. Education focuses on the cultivation of skills trades or professional, mental, moral and aesthetic development . There are two types of education; formal and informal education. Formal education refers to the education whereby there is system of instruction, teaching and training by the professional teachers. Here, there is a curriculum to be followed and use of different teaching methods. Traditionally, educators borrowed information for education from many different disciplines for example psychology, philosophy, information technology linguistics, biology and sociology. A person can be trained by a specialist so as to get specific skills for example a pilot. Systems of formal education are established to provide education and training for children. A curriculum states what a student should know and be able to do as a result of education. Informal education involves acquisition of knowledge and skills learned and refined during one course of life. The right to education is a basic human right. Education can be attained informally through institutions such as libraries and museums (Shards, K. , and Smith, S. J. 2000). The central purpose of education The central purpose of education is to teach a student on values that will enable him to develop his mind and be in a position to deal with realities of life. Training that is given to the students enables them to think, understand, integrate and prove all information that they have been taught. Students are taught essentials of knowledge that is achieved in the past experiences and also trained to acquire knowledge by him. An example of purpose of education is the teachers’ transmission of knowledge to the students. One of the things that education does is to equip people with power to think effectively and objectively. Education should assist a person to be critical in terms of the truths, prejudices and propaganda. Education should enable the people to distinguish between true or false information, relevant from irrelevant information, real and unreal information. Part of education teaches the human beings to be critical thinker’s . For education to be whole; it should be morally right to the recipients of the information. Morals help a person to avoid wandering from one place to another and gives the persons power of concentration and reasoning. For one to concentrate well, he or she should have worthy objectives in order to meet that they would like to achieve in the future. The kinds of people schools should seek to develop The characteristics of people who can be a successful learners are they should be knowledgable, self determined, strategic, and empahthetic. They also have creative and critical faculties, motivation to learn and confidence about themselves as learners, tools and strategies for acquiring, evaluating and applying knowledge. They also have insights about motives, feeling and behavior of others and can effectively communicate with others. Schools should seek to develop individuals who are well rounded in terms of knowledge and work experience. Discipline is a trait which is experienced in our everyday life. Instances like getting to work on time, finding appropriate clothes, scheduling appointments, time management are skills learnt through learning. The ability to list work experience in curriculum vitae demonstrates qualities such as enthusiasm, initiative, work ethic and a genuine desire to work. Schools should also seek to develop people who are confident. This occurs when an individual feels that a task is within their reach. Work experience is important as it gives one a chance to watch people do a job, ask questions and frequently get the chance to try out the work. Being knowledgeable is equally important. This is because employers are interested in what an individual can do. If one can display an understanding of an industry and support by outlining key tasks based on experience, he or she has chances of gaining employment. When looking for placement, schools should encourage students to keep as many contacts as possible. The reason is that meeting people who can help in job seeking process can lead to one acquiring a position in the job market (Smardz, K. , and Smith, S. J. 2000). The ways in which the school can work toward greater equity Schools and communities have people from different races, gender, sexual orientation, class, language and religion which allow them to have equitable opportunities . For a positive change to be noted, change in individual, schools, communities would work together and aim to maintain diversity and equity. In schools, it means going beyond cultural differences and celebrating diversity. This in turn breeds open conversations about equity related issues and what those issues mean in the classroom or administration and in schooling at large. These issues include bullying, school culture, classroom climate, achievement gaps and others. It’s only possible to discuss these issues only if the real conversations about socio- economic status, gender, race because they have an impact on students, teachers, administrators, parents and community members. The main challenge is to find out whether schools offer an opportunity for an individual to achieve the best and have access to an equitable valid supportive learning environment regardless of race, gender, (dis)ability, and other dimensions of his or her identity. One goal of education is to measure work based on how much closer we help a school eliminate inequity. This can be achieved on the basis of the specific contextual needs of each school or organization. A workshop may be set up to place emphasis on achievement gaps, teacher expectations and effective methods of teaching for diverse students. The workshop may also be on racial tensions or gender equity in the classroom. Teachers on the other hand need strategies for implementation practical ideas, curricular tools, classroom activities and teaching methods that support diversity and equity. As teachers try to solve students’ issues in education, they need to balance the practical with the philosophical and also providing immediate strategies for long term needs and institution changes ( Smardz, K. , and Smith, S. J. 2000). The values of an educator and how those values are formed and informed There are some values that educators should be committed to develop that enable students accomplish goals and aims. An educator who is competent has characteristics such as well developed knowledge and skills in content areas and methods of teaching. This educator understands how children learn at various developmental stages and also provides learning opportunities that support their intellectual, social and emotional development. He also uses multiple forms of assessment to guide instruction and other interactions with students. The educator who is caring values respect and trust reflecting a humanistic orientation to students and other members of the school community . He or she is child centered, nurturing and a facilitator of personal growth and self esteem. This educator motivates students to excel and be self confident. He provides a caring environment whereby students take risks and explore openly. Service is a value that the educators should thrive to attain . This is because it’s viewed as an opportunity to make positive difference in the lives of others. He seeks for ways to provide service to students and the education profession, school community and the community at large. The educator is mostly committed to take action on behalf of others even if such action requires measure of self sacrifice. These concerns are extended to his or her sphere of knowledge and influence. In addition, the educator has a disposition towards civic and social responsibility in the local community, nation and even the world (Tozer, S. E (2000). Leaderships is also a core value in this case the educator purses the goals of powerful learning and positive student achievement using the collaboration and supportive interaction within the classroom, school and community. The collaboration provides the support for continuous and consistent delivery of instruction to all students. This leader is well informed about the nation and educational reforms and uses personal skills to restructure environments to improve practice. He or she has a vision of setting that encourages efficacy and excellence, communicates his vision to constituents and leads them in the construction and implementation of shared vision of good schools. The education leader requires this to promote effective practices and organizational structures in places of work. He faces up these challenges because they in turn promote social justice and equity in the classroom, school and community. Issues like discrimination are given special attention especially in support of students with special needs ( Smardz, K. , and Smith, S. J. 2000). The role of the teacher in schools and wider society One of the roles of the teachers is to ensure that they promote integration between students from different backgrounds. This means that the teachers do not teach the same as the time passes by. Teachers play a role in teaching process to even becoming managers in the society so that to ensure the education system and society as a whole move from a long side by side. This movement towards monitoring and evaluation of the quality and performance of the national education system has unduobtfully began to have an impact in the way in which education is regarded both by the society at large and the people who are directly involved. A teacher is seen as a role model for the students . This is because he or she is respected by the society and therefore viewed as knowledgeable about different subjects of schools. Though teachers are seen as role models they still make mistakes, it’s therefore the role of the student to compare and pick only what is beneficial to them. The teacher is a dynamic force for the school, for a school without a teacher it is like a skeleton without flesh and blood (Tozer, S. E 2000). It is therefore important for people to attend school at early age so that they can acquire relevant information that can help them to be useful members of the society since they can be able to appreciate the realities of life as they occur. References â€Å"The Purpose of Education Papers of Martin Luther King â€Å"http://74. 125. 39. 104/search? q=cache:Z16hADTKn8AJ:www. stanford.edu/group/King/publications/papers/vol1/470100The_Purpose_of_Education. htm+what+should+be+central+purpose+of+education&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=ke&client=firefox-a Website accessed on September 24 2008 Smardz, K. , and S. J. Smith (2000). The Archaeology Education Handbook: Sharing the Past With Kids. Altamira Press, Walnut Creek, California. Tozer, S. E (2008). School And Society Historical and Contemporary Perspective 6th edition McGraw Hill Stone, P. G. , and Planel P. G. (1999). The Constructed Past: Experimental Archaeology, Education, and the Public. London. Taylor & Francis,

Every Child is Special Essay

As a teacher and as a mother, I was really moved by the film especially on its latter part when the parents came to realize their inadequacies in understanding and finding the cause of their child’s â€Å"failure†. I could feel the agony of Sean when he was left in a boarding school far away from the comfort of his own home and from the love and care his family especially of his mother. I found him in a situation where he was so helpless to defend himself amidst the judgements, the accusations, the name-calling, the bullying †¦ Young as he was, his experiences were really so damaging to his self-esteem, to his self-confidence, to his self-concept. see more:every child is special reaction paper I just do not know how many Seans are there†¦ out there – Seans who think differently that’s why treated indifferently by this society; Seans who are full of talents but are so afraid and weak to show them because of a negative view of themselves; and Seans who are just waiting for a saving soul to help them understand themselves and regain and build that positive outlook of their own persons. It was only a film, but we know very well that the situations depicted in it are true, EVERYWHERE, IN ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD! It is the reason why we should start examining ourselves – both as parents and as teachers – in our own homes and in our own schools. We might be like the father of Sean who could easily pass his judgement on him without even asking him for an explanation (like when he got in trouble with a much older and bigger fellow and was given a blow by his father. On his face without asking for his side of the story) or we might be one of those teachers who could easily mark his works as wrong without even bothering to ask and find for the reason behind those ‘wrongs’ or we might be Mr. Niko whose being a teacher was not confined in the four walls of the classroom and ended once he stepped out of it, but rather extended beyond the school’s gate to look for the reasons behind the student’s situation and fought for and acted on and for the solution. The film reminded me once again about the ‘sensitivity’ of the roles teachers play in the life of each of the students. We can really make or break them, uplift or dampen their spirits! Teachers’ hearts should be BIG enough to accommodate the longings and needs – open or hidden – of each of them. Being judgemental should not have a place in us. We should have that enough sensitivity to notice all the ‘Seans’ in our classes and even in our own homes; and be brave enough to look for and fight for the solution just like what Mr. Niko did which brought the unfolding of the ‘real Sean’ through the inspiration and the trust granted to him.

Ethics Essay

In comparing the similarities and differences in ethical theories, the goals of each theory and the morals and values that can be observed in the process. While the following ethical theories appear similar on the surface virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontological ethical will be discussed and their differences will be defined. Virtue Theory relates to the pursuit of excellence in everything you do. As one commercial put it, â€Å"Be all that you can be† (U. S. Army 1981). One must have the idea that if they want to maximize their greatest potential, they must work hard to produce it. To the Utilitarian this may appear selfish, but self-discipline and self-determination is key to achieving the goal. Oxford dictionary describes utilitarianism as one who practices the doctrine that produces the greatest happiness of the greatest number. For example, a busy mother gives great sacrifice of putting her needs aside to take care of her three children who are home sick with the flu. At this moment, the mother, who is also sick with a temperature of 102 F, is not practicing virtue theory because; the mother has currently put her needs aside. The mother is practicing patience and compassion to assure that her children get the care that they need. Boylan (page 171) describes Deontological ethics as a moral theory that emphasizes one’s duty to do a particular action just because it is right and not through any other sort of calculations. An example of this would include presenting an inventory sheet to authorities proving that fraudulent activity has occurred buy a company that has been charging customers extra for supplies. The distinct difference of these theories suggests that virtual theory focuses attention toward creating greatness within one’s self. Utilitarianism focuses attention by creating greatness toward the masses. Deontological ethics relates to doing what is right whether it be for one’s self or for the masses with the understanding that happiness is not the goal but a moral responsibility is. A personal experience explaining the relationship between virtue, values, and moral concepts includes a deontological experience that I had several years ago. One Friday afternoon I walked into a bank to cash a check in the amount of $527. 28. The teller cashed my check, but I did not bother to double check the money until I got home. After checking and double-checking the money that evening, I came to the realization that I had 627. 28 cash in my envelope. The teller accidently gave me an additional $100 dollar bill. I could not go back to the bank to address the problem because the bank had closed for the day. I could not with good conscious keep the money because my family has instilled strong morals and values of honesty, integrity, and dignity within me. The money must be returned for it is the morally right thing to do. Saturday morning I drove back to the bank and asked for the manager and explained what had happened. I handed over the entire envelope as it was presented to me and I explained that two very crisp one hundred dollar bills were so tightly stuck together that it appeared as one bill. The manager surprised at what had transpired the day before, thanked me for my honesty and determination to see that the money was returned. I told the manager that I appreciate her kind words but it was truly the right thing to do. Though comparing the similarities and differences with these moral standards, ethical theories along with morals and values can be observed in the process. While it is clear that these theories may appear similar in nature the following ethical theories, virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontological ethical will be discussed and their differences will be defined.

Century medical history

Century Medical History Report The 18th century consisted of a lot of social and political events. Some of the social happenings that occurred In this century were the French and Indian War, the African slave trade, and many developing Ideas and Inventions were growing throughout the world. Many medical happenings were present as well. Smallpox was the mall widespread disease that affected the whole world. Inventions and discoveries were made to solve problems or mysteries. An Important person wasEdward Jennet, who â€Å"discovered† a smallpox vaccination. He did not actually Invent It, because it had already existed. She ran an experiment on an eight year old boy to test the smallpox vaccine. He did this by giving him cowpox first which served as a immunization. Joseph Priestley was an important figure in the 18th century. He discovered the now called element oxygen. Before his discovery, people did not understand what air wasÃ'› or what it was made of. He also was a resear cher, Philosopher and a Chemist. Benjamin Franklin invented the bifocals, although he was greatly known for his work in electrical theory.He established laws on how electricity operates, how to store and use it. He is also famous for his experiment with the kite and key. Rene Lancer invented the Stethoscope. With this he investigated sounds made by the heart and lungs, and compared it to his diagnosis he got from autopsies. He also wrote the first descriptions of bronchitis's and cirrhosis and also classified lung conditions like pneumonia, pleurisy and emphysema. Lastly, John Hunter was a surgeon of the 18th century and is now known as founder of â€Å"scientific surgery. † He made many advances in surgical procedures, while teaching anatomy and surgery.He also first documented reports on â€Å"tube feeding. † By gyring The 18th century consisted of a lot of social and political events. Some of the social happenings that occurred in this century were the French and In dian War, the African slave trade, and many developing ideas and inventions were growing the main widespread disease that affected the whole world. Inventions and discoveries were made to solve problems or mysteries. An important person was Edward Jennet, who â€Å"discovered† a smallpox vaccination. He did not actually invent it, immunization. Joseph Priestley was an important figure in the 18th century. He

Maslow’s theory of needs in individualistic and collectivist cultures Malika Kassymova Essay

1. Abstract Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a motivation theory elaborated by a humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow in 1943. Maslow’s theory consists of 5 main levels of needs that form a pyramid: Physiological, Safety, Belongingness and Love, Esteem, Self-Actualization (Janet A. Simons, 1987). Even though this theory is most commonly used in individualistic cultures, some findings suggest that it may also be applied in collectivist culture. However, the results will differ from those in individualistic cultures. In a collectivist culture, the basic need is belonging to the society; self-esteem is eliminated, and self-actualization is attained in terms of meeting societal development needs (Gambrel, P. A.& Cianci, R., 2003). Thus, contrary to the belief that the basic concept of self-actualisation applies to any human being in any culture, the current findings suggest that an individual’s needs are partially bound by culture. Implications include important impa ct on the workplace, as the concept of self-actualization shouldn’t be forced upon a collectivist culture and vice versa (Nevis, 1983). 2. Introduction 2.1 Review Most famous authors that have investigated international implications of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs include Geert Hofstede, Edwin C. Nevis. Other individualism-collectivism studies by Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars, Schwartz, Bilsky, Ivtzan and Tanaka have a direct relation to theories of motivation as well. 2.2 Purpose  The purpose of this literature review is to organise, compare and synthesize academic papers related to the Maslow’s theory of motivation and to indicate the sources of obtained data. 3. Application of Maslow’s theory in individualistic and collectivist cultures 3.1 Beginning of studies Individualism – collectivism is one of four dimensions of culture in different countries developed by Geert Hofstede. According to (Hofstede, National Cultures in Four Dimensions, 1983), in an individualistic society individuals look after themselves and immediate family members. He defines collectivism as a preference for a close social framework where family members and other in-group members look after them in exchange for loyalty; individualism, on the contrary, refers to a more self-oriented approach to socialization. 3.2 Methodology & Findings Source: www.geert-hofstede.com In a recent study (Ivtzan, 2010) the cultural validity of self-actualization is tested using the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI) questionnaire developed by (Shostrom, E.L, 1980) as a comprehensive measure of the self-actualizing characteristics originally highlighted by Maslow. The POI questionnaire was tested on 100 British participants and 100 Indian participants as these two cultures belong to 2 different cultures (Hofstede, geert-hofstede.com, 2004). In support of the hypothesis, the results showed British participants scored significantly higher than the Indian participants on 10 out of the 12 scales, meaning that Individuals from an individualistic culture are more likely to be closer to the self-actualizing ideal, as measured by these scales, than individuals from a collectivistic culture. Thus, one’s cognition and motivation are affected by the social system in which they are raised and fulfilling one’s potential is expressed differently in these cultures. Collectivistic cultures are more ‘other orientated’ with strong emphasis on approval, acceptance and adherence to social groups (Erez & Earley, 1993). In support of this, Tanaka (1978) tested individualistic and collectivistic differences in agreeable responses to various behavioural statements. For example, in response to the statement â€Å"To do something good for society†, participants from Indonesia, Pakistan and India scored the highest and those from Australia and New Zealand the lowest. However, in response to the statement â€Å"To achieve personal happiness†, the pattern of results was reversed. Similarly, Riesman et al (1953) describe that the other-directed person â€Å"hardly thinks of himself as an individual† (p.33) further suggesting that collectivists that define themselves in such an ‘other-directed’ way are less likely to be inner orientated than individualists. Therefore, prestigious companies such as Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS, 2007) that actively use Maslow’s motivational theory may fail to effectively ‘reach out’ their more collectivist employees. Source: www.geert-hofstede.com 4. Summary Hofstede (1983) and Nevis (1983) both conclude that the hierarchy of needs developed by Maslow stresses individual achievement rather than collective, since it was developed on the basis of individualistic US model. However, Hofstede (1983) and Trompenaars (1993) agree that the American way of management does not apply across all cultures, especially as those in Asia. Living to our fullest potential is a universal theme and the route towards unlocking this potential and fulfilling it might be dependent on our cultural values. Therefore, the results of using Maslow’s model will differ in individualist and collectivist cultures. Further research is needed to establish whether the fulfilment of the individual in a non-Western, collectivistic culture is idealised in a different way (Ivtzan, I., Gardner, H. E., Bernard, I., Sekhon, M., & Hart, R., 2013). 5. Implications for Managers Individualistic countries desiring to invest in collectivist countries (e.g. China) can increase their profitability through understanding of collectivist culture and vice versa. Companies where management models are based on individualism shouldn’t force their management practices upon a collectivist environment. For example, in a collectivist culture like China, Nevis (1983) suggests that Chinese business practices should be governed by being a good member of society and placing group needs before individual needs. Therefore, a team-based organizational structure should be put in place by the investing firm. The human resource management plan should also design a benefits plan that centres on the work group with a focus on housing, medical care, and education. Cultural research is important in human resource management in order to divide between individualistic and collectivistic cultures, allowing both to work efficiently and effectively, side by side, in the same organisational environment (Ivtzan, I., Gardner, H. E., Bernard, I., Sekhon, M., & Hart, R., 2013). Also, the human resource management plan should implement a comprehensive cultural training program designed to increase understanding and awareness of a collectivist culture to avoid confrontations and situations that would cause one to lose face (Gambrel, P. A.& Cianci, R., 2003).

Modern and Avant-garde art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Modern and Avant-garde art - Essay Example The term avant-garde is refers to vanguard or advance guard, meaning works that are innovative or experimental or innovative with respect to politics, art and culture. Avant-garde involves going beyond the boundaries of what is generally accepted as a norm in a society or the status quo mainly in the cultural realm. Since the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, performance and art have undergone significant transformations as a result of the avant-garde practice. The term modern in respect to the avant-garde practice in art and performance around these times denotes the activities, and visible and transformational results of people who felt that traditional forms of art and performance were becoming outdated. In the 1980s, there was an assertion that it was relevant to entirely reject previous norms. The society was supposed to desist from revisiting the past knowledge by relating them to current techniques. Like other aspects of like physics, art and performance als o witnessed growing movement in line with this ideology. The result of this is that in the first fifteen years of the 20th century, many artists, thinkers and, writers managed to break with the traditional ways of organizing painting, music, literature and painting. Cranestates that Avant-garde writers who saw themselves as being modernized abandoned bourgeois values and begun bothering their readers with new styles and forms that were difficult and complex in nature. Modernization also led to a change in the continuity.

Foundations of Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Foundations of Behavior - Essay Example F Skinner. The theory believes that behavioral development happens through classical and operant conditioning. There is a strong relation between stimuli and behavioral response. In this case development is seen as a continuous process where learnt responses keep accumulating and new ones increase with age. Several studies were conducted to reinforce the theory that responses in behavior are a result of external stimuli and that the external factors are more important as compared to internal factors. To take an example, John Watson experimented with an infant's responses to a rat and stimuli coupled with it. The infant was not afraid of the rat. However, he developed fear of the rat after a series of sharp sounds were made whenever the rat was shown. Behaviorists conclude that environment is more influential in shaping behavior. Also, behaviors can be modified using external stimuli. In context of psychodynamic theories, famous psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud and his theory of psychoanalysis come to mind. Psychodynamics refers to theories of Freud, his followers' or theories based on his ideas. Anna Freud, Alfred Adler Carl Jung and Erik Erickson are some of the most popular contributors from the field of psychodynamics. The theories are have been derived from sessions with patients, case studies and use of projective techniques to understand the workings of human mind. Psychodynamics strives to make connections between thoughts, motives, subconscious mind and how people perceive the world. The prime focus in psychodynamics is the interrelation between emotional states of id, ego, and superego and their impact on early developments and processes. Psychodynamics also believes that early experiences are conserved in the unconscious mind. Later in life, these conserved experiences, thoughts and emotions either remain buried in the unconscious or find way to the conscio us mind. These buried experiences are at times the cause of mental disturbances. Various psychodynamic theorists have devised their own stages of development from infancy through adulthood. However, the underlining concept is that at each stage, an individual is confronted with conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. The way to resolve these conflicts differs at each stage. Individuals constantly strive to strike a balance between personal needs and social expectations. In contrast to behaviorism school of thought, psychodynamic theory focuses on drives and forces working consciously or unconsciously within a human mind. While behaviorist theory lays stress on continuous development, psychodynamic theory believes that development happens in stages. In psychodynamics, nature and nurture both play an important role in development because the inner impulses are channeled through environmental experiences. The cognitive theory looks at humans as active participants in building knowledge. The most influential theory was propounded by Jean Piaget. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children acquire 'schemes', which are the building blocks of knowledge. According to this theory, there are four stages in

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Essay

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) - Essay Example The paper tells that despite the presence of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), US have been faced by many crimes that have not been researched on to get helpful information. Many of these crimes have been cases of terrorism. Terrorism has really threatened the security in United States. All the presidents in the country have been addressing this issue. This is evident from the efforts of Barrack Obama to capture Osama bin Laden, one of the most notorious terrorists who hit US. There are some causes of failures of the projects like inefficiency technology; lack of trained personnel; lack of funds; and lack of corporation from other organs. There are reports that are given on this agency an annual basis giving some recommendations that have to be implemented but this has not been enough since there is much information that the urgency not yet has about terrorism. There are some recommendations that may act as long-term solutions to this basing them on the ways of improving eff iciency of a project as it is in project management. The FBI as an agency of investigation on major crimes in the United States has been successful in different ways. It is the expectation of everyone that US, the most powerful country in the world, has all possible ways of ensuring security of its people. This has not been the case since security in its states has been threatened occasionally through some major crimes. They have increased their technology for instance introduction of DNA tests, fingerprint tracking, among other technologies that are used in crime investigation. (Jenkins, 2005, p.13). Despite the many achievements the FBI has, it has not been able to end and get enough information on some major crimes like terrorism. Terrorism has been a challenge to the agency and this is observable from the chronology of terrorist attacks from 1995. However, they have been successful on some terrorist activities; there are some that they still lack information on. This does not me an that the agency is a failure. There is a need to find out the causes of such challenges and give recommendations. The recommendations should be different from the ones that are given at the end of each year in such a way that they give long-term solutions. The agency has been regularly financed thus it becomes a surprise what the problem could really be. Analysis of FBI Database Project FBI as an agency of investigation has not been able to get information on some major issues like terrorism. It has been faced by some challenges that are expected in any project. Terrorism is one area in which the agency has failed. They lack much information on the issue and this has seen the rise of terrorist attacks over the years. However, they have not sat back to watch this happen, most of the measures that they have put to fight this have not bore any fruits. Forensic sciences are one of the fields they have advanced in to carry out investigation. They have been able to use some forensic te chnologies like fingerprints to track nagging criminals. This has however been successful with minor crimes within the states like robbery and murder but it has not helped much to get adequate on some major crimes like terrorism. This is what has led to negative judgments of their performance from different parties. They cannot despair since it is connected directly with the people’s lives on this project. There are some reasons that have been highlighted in different publications, in speeches, in

Medium is the Message Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Medium is the Message - Essay Example Electric speed has made known in the desert, savannah and bushes the lines of force operating from Western technology. Electric speeds cause prehistoric cultures to intermingle the dregs of the non-literate, the industrial marketeers with the cultures of the semiliterate and post-literate (McLuhan 20). This uprooting and outpouring with new information accompanied with endless new patterns of information results in mental breakdown of varying degrees. An increasing awareness in the effects of technology on the formation and manifestation of psychic has resulted in persons to lose of confidence in the right to assign guilt. According to ancient prehistoric societies, crime was solely pathetic. In our IQ testing, a great flood of misbegotten standards has been produced (McLuhan 19). This results in our individual testers assume that intelligence is displayed by uniform continuous habits. The typographic cultural bias eliminates the tactile and ear man. Typographic spell is a transforming power of media which causes progressive efficiency and simplification in any technology. This effect challenges the response of senses, but this is constantly ignored. Arnold Toynbee, for instance, imagines that it is the response of the opinions that is pertinent to the effects of media and technology in the society (McLuhan 27). The medium has, therefore, taken dominance, and is not only the bearer of the message, but the

Brothel Book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Brothel Book - Essay Example A critical analysis of this book shows that Durkheim’s functionalist perspective to deviance as well as Merton’s social structure and anomie theory can be applied to the groups of characters which include the prostitutes and the men who visit the brothel in the above mentioned book. Emile Durkeim suggests that crime is inevitable and he argues that crime is â€Å"an integral part of all healthy societies,† (as cited in Haralambos & Holborn, 1990, p.586). From this perspective, it can be noted that not all individuals are committed to the shared values and moral beliefs of the society. It may be impossible for all the members of the society to be similar and in Durkeim’s words, crime is not only inevitable, but it is functional. He argues that social change begins with some form of deviance and as noted in the definition of deviance above, deviant behaviour can be normal in other societies. In this given book, it can be seen that prostitution is not conside red as deviant behaviour especially by those involved in this practice. It is seen as normal just like any other form of employment. This view is supported by Cohen who developed Durkeim’s ideas when he analyses two functions of crime in a society. Firstly, deviance can be a safety valve providing a relatively harmless expression of discontent while protecting social order (Haralambos & Holborn, 1990). He suggests that prostitution can perform a safety valve function without threatening the fabric of the family. Prostitutes interviewed in this book state that the majority of their clients are married men who will be seeking to relieve their stress and pressure from the demands of their families. The institution of the family is not threatened in this case since the relationship between prostitutes and clients is not binding. On the other hand, Cohen suggests that certain deviant acts are useful in warning that certain aspects of the society are not functioning. For instance, a lot of married couples reveal that their sexual relationship is not satisfactory, the reason why they seek the services of commercial workers to satisfy their sexual desires. In some cases, unsatisfactory sexual relationships among married couples can lead to divorce and the ladies in most cases opt to venture into prostitution. As is the case in this book, a notable number of prostitutes at Mustang brothel are divorcees as a result of unfriendly sexual relationships in their previous marriages. Men on the other hand will solicit for sex from the prostitutes after the marriage has broken down. It can be seen that the element of prostitution is inevitable as long as these negative social trends affecting the institution of the family persist. The other theory that can be applied to the behaviour of the characters in this book is Merton’s social structure and anomie. He argues that deviance results from the culture and structure of society itself (Haralambos & Holborn, 1990). Since members are placed in different class positions in the social structure, it can be noted that they do not have the same opportunity of realising the shared values which leads to deviance. In the given case, many prostitutes interviewed by the author such as Eva revealed that they joined the profession in order to earn a living. Some

Managing Human Resource in Health and Social Care Essay

Managing Human Resource in Health and Social Care - Essay Example Current approaches in human resources suggest a number of weaknesses: a hasty, stop-gap attitude towards problems of human resources; dispersion of accountability within human resources management (HRM); a limited notion of personnel administration that fails to include all aspects of HRM; and finally the short-term outlook of HRM (Dussault & Dubois, 2004, p.iii). Performance monitoring and promoting Performance should be monitored in the health and social care system, as they are instrumental in stimulating, creating and maintaining health and social care improvement. Around the world, rapidly changing landscape between acute and chronic diseases is placing various demands on the health and social care workforce. To provide effective health and social care for chronic conditions, the skills of the health care professional have to be extended along with the existing ones, to fulfill the new complicated situations. First, the workforce must adopt a patient-centric approach. Second, se rvice providers need the necessary communication expertise, which should enable them to cooperate with other providers and patients. Third, the workforce must equip with expertise to ensure that the security and quality of patient care is continuously improved. Fourth, the workforce needs expertises that assist them in checking patients across time and using and sharing information through available technology. Finally, the workforce must develop broadest perspective to consider patient’s care and provider’s role (WHO, 2005, pp.11-12). Methods of Monitoring Performance Management by walking around: Getting out of your office and being physically present on a regular basis is an important place to start. One will gain a great sense of â€Å"what’s going on†Ã¢â‚¬â€as well as a first-hand feel for what is not understood or what needs to better communicate. Managers of a health and social care unit should take ad-hoc approach in this case. They can visit and revisit same premises during change of shifts of nursing staffs with special emphasis on the ICU after a critical surgery to check the activities of nursing and other staffs. Visits or walking around monitoring without any prior notice is very important in a health care set up where work division is very important. Visiting the reception at least thrice a day by the management personnel is very important because that is where the patients get the first impression about the care they would get within the unit. 360-degree assessment: It involves polling various people who have contact with a particular employee, to get an idea about the employee’s performance. The employee also is polled regarding his or her own performance, with those results then compared to the feedback collected from others. People involved respond to speci?c questions on a feedback form. One can either make up your own form or purchase a generic one developed for use within your business area (Dorio and S helly, 2011, pp.61-64). The required staff should to be evaluated occasionally (in six months or annually) by many evaluators including his boss, direct subordinates, equals, internal clientele and external clientele. In a hospital doctors can provide feedback about nurses and vice versa. And it is quite possible about feedback among intra-nurses or intra-doctors can be used for performance monitoring purposes. Identifying training and development needs- Assessment for